İbrahim Eren ÖZCAN

                                          TYPE OF FLIGHTS  

          Specialised flight modes - for flights in certain regions

With the number of flight options available today, passengers are able to tailor trips to specific requirements. Choosing a particular national airline carrier can be as much a question of the desirability of stop-over options as it is of seating availability. Varying airline policies may also affect the baggage allowances or other services offered on both domestic and international flights. Passengers on long-haul flights may either choose to fly directly to a destination or opt to enjoy a variety of stop-over options. Stop-over flights are generally cheaper than those flying direct. Flight options may also include flying part of the way with one airline and then switching to another for the final leg of a journey. For passengers participating in frequent flyer programmes, the choices become even more attractive and varied. Passengers who have earned loyalty miles via a particular frequent flyer programme will enjoy special privileges on various airlines who are partners in that programme. Flight options can then include upgrades with all of the attendant benefits. Flying with the maximum convenience and comfort possible takes just a little online research to accomplish.

Scheduled Flights

Scheduled flights are usually required to adhere to set departure and arrival times to accommodate air traffic controls and the efficient use of airport runways. Flexibility regarding scheduled flights is exercised in the case of emergencies, or weather conditions that prohibit flying. Such instances cause delays or cancellations.

City Flights

City flights are defined as journeys between major cities, often to and from large airports such as Heathrow in London. They are often short, fast flights. City flights are often used as a time-saving alternative to trains by business commuters and for weekend breaks.

Long-Distance Flights

Long-haul flights are defined as a flight of six and a half hours or more, and, as such, are usually very long distance and often non-stop. Examples of long-haul flights are from the UK to Australia or from Canada to Singapore.

Short Flights

Short-haul flights are generally defined as being under 3 hours in duration or 2000 miles in length. Good examples of short-haul flights include from London to the Greek Islands, or from Hong Kong to Tokyo. Domestic flights are not necessarily short-haul - this depends on the country size.

Nonstop Flights

Non-stop flights are defined as any flight that does not have an intermediate stop. Usually, long-haul, non-stop flights (as opposed to direct flights) are chartered to cover long distances - e.g. Singapore to South America - in the shortest possible time.

Charter Flights

Charter flights are usually booked by groups or individuals when their specific needs cannot be accommodated by commercial airlines. Flight times, number of passengers and destination are determined by the groups or individuals, although these charter flights are still subject to aviation rules and regulations, and available facilities.

Reduced Gravity Flights

Reduced gravity flights are taken aboard NASA designed aircraft that create near weightless conditions for astronaut training. Opportunities for civilians to experience the simulated zero gravity of space are very limited. The parabolic flight path of reduced gravity flights create weightlessness for only a privileged few for now.

                                                      FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR

A flight instructor is a person who teaches others to fly aircraft. Specific privileges granted to holders of a flight instructor qualification vary from country to country, but very generally, a flight instructor serves to enhance or evaluate the knowledge and skill level of an aviator in pursuit of a higher pilot's license, certificate or rating.

United States

Privileges

A person who holds a flight instructor certificate (called a "certified flight instructor" or CFI) is authorized to give training and endorsements required for and relating to:

• a student, private, commercial or other pilot certificate;
• the three hours of training with reference only to instruments in preparation for a private pilot certificate, note that this does not need to be a CFII.
• an instrument rating, only if the CFI has an instrument instructor rating (CFII); This cannot be given by a "safety pilot". A safety pilot can only be used to help maintain instrument proficiency with an instrument-rated pilot by flying the required six instrument approaches-holding-intercepting and tracking courses, within the preceding six calendar months.
• a flight instructor certificate is only given if the experience requirements have been met (detailed below);
• a flight review, endorsement (previously called BFR) (currently referred to as flight review see 14 CFR part 61.56), or recency of experience requirement;
• preparation for a practical test (typically three hours within the preceding 60 days in preparation for a certificate or rating); or
• endorsement for a knowledge test (written examination)

Certain limitations are placed on the instruction a flight instructor may give. For example, flight instructors wishing to train applicants for a flight instructor certificate must have held their own flight  instructor certificate for at least 24 months or have given at least 200 hours of instruction (and approved by the local FSDO). Specific training programs have additional requirements or limitations^.

Eligibility requirements

Flight instructors in the United States must hold at least a commercial pilot certificate or ATP (airline transport pilot) certificate. Individuals wishing to give instruction in airplanes or powered-lift aircraft are additionally required to hold an instrument rating in the desired category and class. Holders of a sport pilot certificate may obtain a flight instructor certificate with sport pilot rating, allowing them to give instruction for the sport pilot certificate in light-sport aircraft.

All individuals desiring flight instructor privileges must pass two additional written exams (fundamentals of instruction, or FOI; and a knowledge test specific to the category of aircraft in which instructional privileges are desired, such as fixed-wing) as well as a practical test.Flight instructors must be at least 18 years of age to be eligible. Those airmen who hold commercial privileges in lighter-than-air aircraft (balloons and airships) have flight instructor privileges in those category and classes they have on their pilot certificate. Lighter-than-air flight instructor privileges do not get placed on a flight instructor certificate.

Professional organization

In the United States, two professional organizations represent flight instructors nationally: Society of Aviation and Flight Educators (SAFE) and National Association of Flight Instructors (NAFI).

United Kingdom

In Great Britain, Chief Flying Instructor (CFI), is a pilot who is the COO of an Airline or a Flight Academy "Flight School".

Canada

This section currently covers only the aeroplane flight instructor ratings.

In Canada, the holder of a commercial pilot licence or airline transport pilot licence may have their licence endorsed with a flight instructor rating - aeroplane. Initially, the pilot is endorsed as a "Class 4" flight instructor. This allows the pilot to deliver flight training towards the issuance of a recreational pilot permit, private pilot licence, commercial pilot licence, night rating, and VFR over-the-top rating. The "Class 4" flight instructor may only conduct training while under the supervision of a "Class 2" or "Class 1" flight instructor.

After satisfying certain requirements (satisfactory flight test records, experience requirements, written exams, and flight tests), an instructor can upgrade their rating to a Class 3, Class 2, and Class 1 instructor rating. The Class 3 flight instructor does not require the supervision of a Class 2 or Class 1 flight instructor. The Class 2 flight instructor may supervise Class 4 flight instructors and act as the chief flight instructor (CFI) of a flight training unit. The Class 1 flight instructor may give ground school and flight training towards the endorsement of a flight instructor rating.

In order to give instruction towards the instrument rating, multi rating, type ratings, and class conversions (for example, land plane to sea plane), an instructor rating is not necessarily required. The requirements may be limited to holding a commercial or airline transport license and having met certain experience levels (such as time on type and in class). In the case of an instrument rating, the holder of a flight instructor rating can teach it even if they do not have the experience level required for non-flight instructors. Details are contained in the Canadian Aviation Regulations, parts 401 and 421.